Wh- Words in English Definition and Examples

In  English grammar, a  wh- word is one  of the function words used to begin a wh- question: what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, and how.  Wh- words can appear in both direct questions and indirect questions, and they  are used to begin  wh-clauses.  In most varieties of English, the wh- words are used as relative pronouns.  Wh- words are also known as interrogatives, question words, wh- pronouns, and fused relatives. List of Wh- Words by Parts of Speech Linguists Mark Lester and Larry Beason  say that wh- words are  unique among flag words in that they belong to different parts of speech. They cite the following examples as the most common wh- words classified by parts of speech. (Note that many of  wh- words can be compounded with -ever.) Nouns what, whateverwho, whoeverwhom, whomever Adjectives whosewhich, whichever Adverbs when, wheneverwhere, whereverwhyhow, however While  how and however dont actually  begin with wh-, Lester and Beason say that these two  words should be treated as  honorary members of the wh- family. Wh- Ever  Words Theres a separate class of  words that resemble  wh- words because theyre constructed from  wh-  words  with the addition of the suffix -ever. These include:  whoever, whichever, wherever, whenever, and however. Nominal relative clauses and universal conditional clauses  begin with such  wh-  words, for example:  Wherever you go, youre sure to have a good time. Wh- Words in Noun Clauses Wh-  words  that are  the nouns  inside a  noun clause  can function in any of the standard four noun roles:  subject, object of verb, object of preposition, and predicate nominative. Wh- words that are adverbs function in the standard adverb roles of denoting time, place, manner, and reason. Lester cites the following examples, noting that all the noun clauses play the same external role of subject of the verb in the main sentence. Wh- words used as nouns inside wh- clauses: Subject: Whoever finishes first wins the prize.Object of verb: Whatever I said must have been a mistake.Object of preposition: What they agreed to is okay with me.Predicate nominative: Who they were is still unknown. Wh- words used as adverbs inside wh- clauses: Adverb of time: When you called was not a good time for me.Adverb of place: Where you work is very important.Adverb of manner: How you use your leisure time tells a lot about you.Adverb of reason:  Why they said that remains a complete mystery to us. It is important to understand that noun clauses beginning with wh- words that are adverbs are just as much noun clauses as noun clauses beginning with wh- words that are nouns, Lester explains.   Wh- Words Indicating Movement From the earliest days, transformational grammarians postulated that a wh- interrogative sentence is derived by a movement rule from a deep structure resembling that of the corresponding declarative. So, for example, and disregarding the inversion and the appearance of a form of do, a sentence like What did Bertie give—to Catherine? would be derived from a deep structure of the form Bertie gave wh- to Catherine (the dash in the derived sentence indicates the site from which the wh- word has been extracted). Wh- movement can also extract wh- words from within embedded sentences, and apparently from an unlimited depth: What did Albert say Bertie gave—to Catherine?, What did Zeno declare that Albert had said that Bertie gave–to Catherine?  and so forth. The rule is, however, not entirely unconstrained. For example, if the constituent sentence is itself interrogative, then extraction cannot take place: Albert asked whether Bertie gave a book to Catherine, but not * What did Albert ask whether Bertie gave—to Catherine?—From Generative Grammar by  E. Keith Brown Sources Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry. The McGraw-Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage. McGraw-Hill. 2005Leech,  Geoffrey N.  A Glossary of English Grammar. Edinburgh University Press. 2006Lester, Mark. McGraw-Hills Essential ESL Grammar. McGraw-Hill. 2008Brown,  E. Keith.  Generative Grammar. The Linguistics Encyclopedia, Second Edition. Editor: Malmkjaer,  Kirsten.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Routledge. 2002

Essay on The Second World War (WWII) - 1018 Words

WORLD WAR TWO nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The second world was is the ugliest brutally violent emotionally damaging war ever. Through out this term paper I will use various references to inform you about how the United States wanted to stay out of the dangers of war with powerful ruthless countries. How Americans battled through many conflicts and various attacks, and finally builds up to the mighty United States of America becoming a huge world power. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The war came about because of the depression. The world powers were struggling, but they still had their natural resources to maintain their way of life. Germany, Italy, and Japan however relied on foreign trade for food and raw materials. If these†¦show more content†¦Teddy Roosevelt ordered quot;freezequot; on all Japan holdings and assets in the United States of America and put an immediate stop on all trade. The next month Saburo Kurusu, arrived in Washington. He appeared to be carrying out peaceful negotiations. It was all a trick, the Japs were not peaceful. On December seven, nineteen hundred and forty one at 7:58 a.m. the United States were caught off guard on their naval base in Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. Japanese bombers roared over the base in waves dropping enormous numbers of armor-piercing shells and torpedoes of powerful destruction on bewildered US Pacific fleets anchored ships. There were many ships destroyed, the Arizona was bombed, the Oklahoma was drilled on her side by several massive torpedoes, the California, West Virginia, Maryland, and Nevada all felt the incredible destructive power of the kamikaze Japan pilots. The California was struck with a bomb and started on fire and the flames came in contact with the ship source of fuel and exploded due to the horrible acts of the eastern cowards of war. Our method of lining the entire group of planes wing to wing across the airfield made the planes very vulnerable to the surprise attack. Almost all of the two hundred and three of the air forces planes were wrecked by the first wave of Japanese bombers. When the pilots finally had a chance to try and fly the planes they found that only three could still fly. Japans sneak attack catapulted the UnitedShow MoreRelated The Second World War (WWII) Essays572 Words   |  3 Pages World War I was the cause for World War II nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I believe that world war 1 led to world war 2. the main reason is the treaty of Versailles. the allies totally screwed Germany and were totally unfair. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The allies forbade Germany to have an army of more than 100,000 men, a fleet of more than 36 warships, submarines of any kind, and military air craft. 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The causes and effects of sleep deprivation among students free essay sample

Did you wake up this morning feeling more tired than you did when you went to bed? If so, something is disturbing your sleep. However, do you know what it is? This problem is nothing new and yet more and more students suffer from sleep deprivation, which is a lack of sleep that effectively refresh the body, both physically and psychologically. Stress, unbalance diet, and interactive electronics could be the causes to sleep deprivation. These factors can result into mental illness, academic performance can be badly affected and could lead to the risk of getting obesity. One of the main causes of sleep deprivation is stress. Students always burn the midnight oil to finish the assignment as every lecturer on campus gives an assignment on the same week (Smith, 2010). The involvement in volunteer work and social activities pack their schedules (Smith, 2010). Besides that, the dominant factor of potential stressor is family (Brecht, n. We will write a custom essay sample on The causes and effects of sleep deprivation among students or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page d. , p. 21). Kinjal (2010) states that parental fight has significant impact on their children such as violent conversations and use of unpleasant language in front of their children. Children get a big stress from high expectations by their parents (Pejakovic, 2012). For instance, parents want their children to succeed in every field (Pejakovic, 2012). Diet can also cause sleep deprivation. Practicing a balanced diet is crucial to overall health and sleep because your body is still working while asleep. Your body not only requires the healthy nutrients which is rich in fruits and vegetables, lean proteins and whole grains, but also have to avoid fried foods and sugars (Morris, 2011). In addition, foods should be consumed four hours before bed time to overcome sleep disturbance and disorder (LC, 2008). When examination is around the corner, students always drink caffeine which are found in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola, and energy drinks. This is because one caffeine can boost up our body but sometimes it beyond our need which can contribute to poor sleep (Morris, 2011). Electronic devices are often overlooked as a sleep deprivation cause. Czeisler (n. d. , as cited in Tarkan, 2011) says that electronic devices are enticing students to stay up late. Students tend to answer their phones or reply to a text in the middle of the night (Gustafson, 2009). According to Gradisar (n. d. ), a co-author of the study, interactive electronic devices are more attentive and disrupt the sleep cycle (Tarkan, 2011). Moreover, the release of the sleep-promoting hormone melatonin is suppressed by artificial light from the computer screen (Tarkan, 2011). Studies have been conducted, surveys have been taken, and it has been discussed in the news for years that there are a lot of consequences of sleep deprivation. One of them is sleep deprivation causes mental illness in students. Students get annoyed for every nonsensical reason when they do not get proper sleep (â€Å"Sleep deprivation effects†, n. d. ). For example, they get angry easily without any reason at their friends. This aggressive nature can ruin a friendship, so they feel more depressed (â€Å"Sleep deprivation effects†, n. d. ). Furthermore, it can also lead to certain psychological problems (Dixon, 2008). Tsang (2008) has found that short sleepers develop anger, anxiety and worry. Inadequate sleep also dealing with further complications that could make your life desolate and endanger your well-being (Dixon, 2008). Another effect of sleep deprivation is that it can affect a student’s academic performance in school. Mental fatigue which result from sleep deprivation leads to poor decision making and weaken problem solving skills (Dixon, 2008). Short sleepers will decrease their recall ability which is affecting everything from muscle to memory retention as sleep is one of the body’s most vital processes (Smith, 2010). Kelly, Kelly and Clanton (2001) indicate that the decreased ability to focus on education-related activities are responsible for the lower grade-point averages of short sleepers. In fact, many skills hidden in students are affected such as learning skills and cognitive behavior (â€Å"Sleep deprivation effects†, n. d. ). Short sleepers are more likely to gain excess weight and become obese. According to a study by the University of Chicago, sleep deprivation decrease body’s sensitivity to insulin (â€Å"Sleep more, live†, 2012, p. 34). Therefore, it makes your body gain more weight quickly (Rodolfo, 2011). The predominant reason behind gaining weight is that the hormonal levels in the body that control appetite fluctuate follows from lack of sleep (â€Å"Sleep deprivation effects†, n. d. ). Obesity, which increases the odds of developing sleep apnea or heartburn and associated digestive problems, is due to not eating properly (Morris, 2011). Having a good night’s sleep is an essential requirement for nearly all parts of students’ life. Lack of a good night’s sleep can increase the risks of becoming mentally ill, affect academic performances, and put students at a risk for obesity. These are due to stress experienced by students, unbalanced diet, and interactive electronics that students often overlook